observer

A neutral (i.e. value free) observer so as to not affect the research outcomes is a corner stone of traditional philosophy of science. Although this is increasingly challenged (especially in researching systems in the psycho-sociosphere) and new approaches that involve observer participation (e.g. narrative inquiry) have become acceptable, these can be enhanced and systematised through a research design based on systems theory. Amongst others, such a design would involve self-reflection and iteration, as well as divergence and convergence in the collection and processing of data (e.g. through iterative systemic surveys and / or survey and interview combinations that repeatedly feed the integrated outputs back to participants, using systemic frameworks and systemic organising principles to ensure comprehensiveness).